.vV!^. 


^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT.3) 


1.0 


I.I 


m  125 


m 


2.0 


L25  III  1.4 


I 


y 


'^  ^> 


^v 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


2'  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SM 

(716)  872-4503 


%f^' 


Ua 


CIKM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHJVl/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreprcductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagte 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicula 


P 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  Mure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires.- 


L'Instltut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'ii  lui  a  Ati  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
0 


n; 


m 
n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicultes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tacheties  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  filmtes  6  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


The 
tot 


The 
pos 
oft 
film 


Ori| 
beg 
the 
sior 
othi 
first 
sior 
oril 


The 
sha 
TIN 
whi 

Mai 
diff 
enti 
bed 
rig! 
req 
me^ 


10X 

mi 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

1 

tails 

du 
odifiar 

une 
mage 


Tha  copy  filmad  hara  hat  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  off: 

National  Library  off  Canada 


Tha  imagas  appearing  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
off  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
ffilming  contract  specifflcatlons. 


L'exemplaire  ffilmi  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
ginArosit*  de: 

Bibliothique  nationaia  du  Canada 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  tt^  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  filmA,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
ffilmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  ffilmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  epproprlata.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  ffiimAs  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  ffilmAs  an  commandant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  fframe  on  each  microfficha 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  ffilmed  at 
diffferent  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ara  ffilmed 
beginning  In  the  upper  lefft  hand  corner,  lefft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  fframas  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


/ 


Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
fllmAs  A  des  taux  de  rMuction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA.  II  est  film*  A  partir 
da  I'engle  supArleur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  drolte, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrant  la  mAthode. 


srrata 
to 


pelure, 
m  A 


n 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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OF 


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CUT   OF   EACH   PBOPLB. 


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CONCOBD,  jr.  B. 
rVBUSRBO  BT  R.  H.  SHBRBURNl  AND  (H>.        ^ 

1830. 


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SKETCH 


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'    M^     UP  Tiir.     ^'   *' 


OUARAOTfiR  AND  MANNERS 


OP 


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ALiLi  NATIONS. 


KMUCLLISIIEI)    ^VITH   A    KKPUr.SEXT ATI V« 


CI'T    OF    F.Af:H    PEori  i: 


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CONCORD,  N.    H. 
mnLlSHKD   BY   R.   H.   SHERTIURNE   AND  CO, 

1830. 


THE  AFRICAN 


"^^^"Q^vaaS^^isKSQBSSSiOBd*^ 


The  Negroes  are  ignorant  and  supersci- 
tious  ;  simple,  mild,  and  generous,  who  need 
only  to  be  educated  and  enlightened  by  tho 
genial  spirit  of  the  gospel  to  make  them  the 
most  happy  and  amiable  of  mankind.  They 
are  divided  into  tribes  ;  some  of  the  largest 
are  found  in  Western  Africa.  They  worship 
Mahomet  as  the  true  God.  Indolence  and 
a  fondness  for  music  and  dancing  are  the 
general  habits  of  the  negroes. 

Africa  is  distinguished  for  the  great  heat 
of   its   climate — its   ferocious    animals — its 


fewness  v>r  rivers  and  «oas — and,  hIjovc  all. 
the  de^radc<l  condition  oi  its  inlniMtant''. — 
The  principal  artirh^s  ot'  trallc  in  conwnerco 
arc  g^old,  ivorv,  and  slaves  ;  who  arc  doom- 
ed to  labor  under  the  lash  ;  to  work  hard 
«nd  fare  hanl,  with  no  hnpo  of  reward. — 
!Nothirjg  can  exceed  the  terror  which  the 
wretched  Africans  exhibit  when  they  are 
sold.  One  universal  shriek  is  heard — the 
men  tremble,  the  momen  cling  to  each  oth- 
er, some  faint  away,  and  some  havo  i)een 
known  to  expire  through  fear.  Upwards  of 
100,000  of  these  unhappy  beings  have  been 
forced  from  their  native  shores  in  a  year  I 

S'lch  is  the  ^  scrambling'  among  the  Eu- 
ropeans for  human  flesh  and  blood  !  What 
a  comment  upon  the  character  of  any  peo- 
ple, professing  Christianity. 

The  largest  desert  on  the  globe  lies  in  the 
west  part  of  Africa,  and  is  1,000  miles  wide 
and  over  2,000  long.  It  is  one  vast  plain  of 
sand  resembling  the  ocean. 

The  journey  from  Tripoli  acrost  the  de- 
sert to  Tombuctoo,  is  performed  in  about  iU> 
days.  Caravans  of  camels  and  merchants, 
sometimes  2,000,  go  there  w  ith  goods  to  e:K- 
change  for  gold,  ivory  and  slaves. 

The  river  Nile  runs  through  Africa,  and  iVi 
the  most  celebrated  in  the  world.  Its  con?^ 
is  upw^ards  of  2,000  miles  in  length.  Also, 
the  river  Niger  in  central  Africa,  is  larger 
than  the  Nile  ;  it  rises  in  the  west  part  of 
Africa  and  pursues  an  easterly  course,  1,400* 
miles,  by  Sego,  Jenne,  and  Cabra. 


THE  IJOIIEMIAN. 


B 


b 


The  Bohemians  are  of  Scythian  origin, 
and  are  called  Tscheschen.  Tiiey  are 
handsome,  active  and  strong  ;  they  make  the 
best  soldiers  in  the  Austrian  service.  The 
peasantry  labor  under  the  most  galling  ser- 
vitude. Their  dwellings  are  miserable  hulw, 
which  scarcely  shelter  them  from  the  wind, 
rain,  and  cold.  To  each  cot  is  allotted  a 
piece  of  ground,  with  a  cow  or  two,  a  pair  of 
oxen,  and  horse.  Their  masters  demand  of 
them  the  labor  of  the  whole  week  ;  allowing 
only  Sunday  for  the  cultivatson  of  their  own 
little  spot.  They  are  a  people  not  wanting 
in  genius. 


u 


THE  ClllNESE. 


C 


The  Chinese,  in  appearance,  exhibit 
strong  proofs  of  their  Mongol  origin.  Thry 
resemble  the  Tartars,  but  are  more  slender. 
They  have  asqaro  flat  face,  small  nose  but 
large  at  the  root,  larc;e  cars,  and  small  ob- 
lique eyes,  pale  yellow  complexion  ;  hair 
generally  black  and  braided  in  a  tail,  reach- 
ing almost  to  tho  ground.  They  pluck  out 
their  beards.  Their  dress  consists  of  a  cot- 
ton frock,  wide  drawers,  straw  hat  and  shoo^. 
White  is  the  colour  of  their  mourning  dress. 
The  women  of  rank  dress  very  modest. 
Their  clothes  arc  made  close  at  the  top, 
and  very  long.  The  dress  of  the  lower  class 
consists  of  a  blue  cotton  frock  reacliing  to 
the  knee,  a  petticoat  of  red  reaching  down 


to  the  rait.  'Mio  rinrlo  is  lar^r,  unrl  bririf].! 
^«m1;  the  loot  sni'iil,  not  fxcordmjr  j  inclii's. 
TJio  women  arc  invariably  sold  in  n  arriuii<^, 
but  are  not  to  In*  Fcen  until  the  nionev  i^ 
piud.  II' the  bridofrroom  is  not  pleased  with 
the  bari^ain,  he  iuis  a  rif;ht  to  return  her  l>y 
loosini^   the  purchase  money. 

The  <;enoral  character  of  the  Chinese,  ia 
a  compound  of  mcaimess,  atiected  gravity, 
refined  civility  and  ijross  indelicacy,  attend- 
ed with  artful  cunning,  fasehood  an<l  dishon- 
esty. Vindictive,  inhuman,  and  full  of  na- 
tional vanity  and  self  importance.  They  re- 
gard all  nations  as  absolute  barbarians. 

Pekin,  the  capital  o(  China,  is  situate  in  a 
fertile  })laiii,  surroun<lcd  by  a  wall  «U)  fret 
hiirii  and  'Zh  thick,  inclosing  11  square  milcfi 
ar\d  about  3  millions  of  people.  A  street  1 
miles  long  and  120  I'eet  wide  reaches  fron;  one 
gate  to  the  other,  and  is  crossed  by  another 
of  similar  len;;th  and  breadth.  The  housen 
are  brick,  one  story  hij^h. 

China  is  celebrated  for  its  manuftxctures, 
the  principal  of  which  are  crapes  and  silks. 
The  tea  plant  is  the  most  celebrated  produc- 
tion of  China.  Tiiis  plant  is  similar  to  the 
myrtle  ;  its  flowers  resemble  th'>.;o  of  tho 
white  wild  rose.  It  yields  leaves  three  years 
after  it  is  sown.  It  grows  from  8  to  VI  feet 
high. 


j  ! 


8 


THE  DUTCHMAN. 


Amsterdam,  the  capital  of  North  Holland, 
and  largest  and  richest  of  the  Netherlands, 
contains  220,000  inhabitants.  The  manners 
of  the  Dutch  are  very  blunt ;  their  aw^wers 
short  but  not  without  civility  and  good  sense. 
They  are  distinguished  for  their  economy, 
love  of  gain,  industy  and  perseverance.  It 
is  a  rule  with  them  to  spend  less  thp,n  their 
income.  They  are  remarkably  neat,  (like 
unto  our  Shakers.)  The  boors,  or  peasants, 
cultivate  the  land,  and  are  slow  of  under- 
standing. The  custom  of  smoking  is  uni- 
versal. If  you  ask  a  Dutch  boor  the  dis- 
tance to  such  a  place,  he  will  say  it  is  so  ma- 
ny pipes  asunder,   instead  of  miles.     Thus, 


9 

if  a  man  ^oes  lo  Rottcrdjim,  he  will  smoke 
four  pipes  ;  to  IIa<]rue,  he  will  smoke  seven 
pipes  :  the  latter,  eqnnl  to  a  seven  hour'3 
journey.  The  women  have  very  tine  com- 
plexions. Their  skins  arc  clear  and  white, 
but  their  countenances  are  inanimate,  re- 
sembling waxwork  :  stature  short  and  ro- 
bust. They  w  ear  bats  of  straw  as  large  as 
an  umbrella,  adorned  with  stars,  beasts, 
birds,  Scc.  Their  wastes  are  very  long — 
the  rest  of  their  dress  is  stuffed  and  padded 
lo  a  size  that  mocks  all  proportion  ;  petti- 
coats balfway  below  the  knee,  and  wooden 
shoes  with  high  heels.  The  meo  dress  sim- 
ilar to  the  women. 


THE  ENGLISHMAN. 


I 


£ 


lO 

The  English  are  fair,  well  formed,  florid 
complexions,  and  very  handsome.  The  wo- 
men, in  their  shapes,  features  and  complex- 
ions, appear  remarkably  beautiful.  They 
are  prudent  in  behaviour,  modest  in  deport- 
ment, virtuous  and  affectionate  as  wives  and 
mothers.  The  men  have  great  vices.  Their 
elections  arc  a  scene  of  bribery,  intoxica- 
tion and  riot.  Their  principal  diversion  is 
boxing  ;  which  practice  draws  together  a 
vast  mukitude  of  the  populace,  nobility  and 
gentry.  Ignorance,  drunkeness  and  other 
gross  vices  prevail  among  the  lower  class  t 
among  the  higher  class,  dissolute  morals  are 
not  uncommon,  and  many  of  the  clergy  are 
far  from  possessing  that  purity  of  life,  which 
ought,  always,  to  be  essential  to  the  sacred 
ofTice.  There  is,  in  Englishmen,  a  sort  of 
fastidious  delicacy,  coldness  and  pride,  which 
stands  in  the  way  of  familiar  intercourse 
with  a  stranger. 

The  city  of  London  contains  60  squares, 
8000  streets,  480  meeting  houses,  142,000 
houses,  and  1,225,000  people.  St.  Paul's 
Church  is  the  first  house  in  London.  It  oc- 
cupies 2  acres  of  ground — is  510  feet  long, 
28ii  wide,  and  340  feet  to  the  top  of  the 
cross,  and  is  built  of  stone.  The  bell  weighs 
11,474  pounds,  and  is  10  feet  acrost  it. — 
The  clock  dial  is  57  feet  round,  and  the 
hour  figures  are  two  feet  long.  London  is 
the  greatest  mart  of  trade  on  the  globe. — 
There  is  10,000  vessels  employed  in  com- 
merce and  coasting.  It  is  the  resort  of 
men  of  learning,  genius,  and  the  great  mas- 


II 


ters  in  the  fine  arts.  In  this  vast  hive  of 
people,  Jnay  be  found  the  most  princely  op- 
pulence  and  abject  poverty. 


THE  FRENCHMAN. 


f 


The  French  are  slender,  active,  well  pro- 
portioned, but  rather  short.  Their  eyes  and 
hair  arc  black  ;  complexions  dark  and  sal- 
low. The  women  are  more  celebrated  for 
vivacity  and  wit,  than  for  personal  beauty. 
In  dancing,  fencing  and  riding,  none  excel 
them  in  skill  and  gracefulness.  The  French 
are   quick,  ingenious,  fertile  in  expedients, 


rising  above  every  difficulty  or  adversity  ; 
but  mutable,  trifling,  vain,  credulous,  and 
incapable  of  moderation.  Tliey  are  oblige 
ing,  attentive,  kind  and  sympathizing;  ;  but 
jealous,  iritable  and  intriguing.  They  go 
to  eyer^y  kind  of  excess  in  actions,  fashion 
and  conversation.  They  may  be  called  a 
gay,  lively,  volatile  people,  destitute  of  mo- 
rality and  virtue. 

Paris  is  the  capital  of  Franc(;,  and  con- 
tains 714,000  people.  Here  the  king  and 
his  court  reside,  and  is  the  mo.si  beautiful 
city  in  the  world.  The  TuiUricSy  or  king-> 
palace,  is  about  1000  feet  long,  and  is  a 
structure  of  romantic  grandeur.  The  iinesL 
square  in  the  city  is  the  PUicc  Vtii- 
dome,  having  an  open  space  of  500  by  400 
feet  broad.  In  this  square  is  Bonaparte's 
brazen  Pillar,  12  feet  broad  and  133  feet 
high.  It  cost  /60,000,  and  is  in  imitation  of 
the  Trajan's  pillar.  The  king's  library  con- 
tains 470,000  books,  and  100,000  medals. 

The  Catacombs  of  Paris  are  supposed  to 
be  the  largest  in  the  world.  IS'othing  can 
be  more  solemn  and  affecting,  than  a  visit  to 
this  dreary  abode — this  place  of  sculs.  It 
is,  as  it  were,  Paris  in  the  grave  !  Here 
lie  millions  of  its  once  gay  and  busy  people, 
ranged  in  their  long  homes,  of  high  and  low, 
rich  and  poor,  friend  and  enemy.  One  pile 
alone  contains  more  than  2,400,000  human 
eculs,  and  the  different  heaps  reach  more 
than  a  mile  in  length.  In  whatever  direc- 
tion the  eye  turns,  it  rests  on  rows  of  hu- 
nun  sculs.     How  affecting  the  contrast  be- 


13 


i 

I 

r. 


tween  ^^thia  city  of  the  dead,"  and  the  gaie- 
ty and  discipation  of  the  city  of  the  living, 
over  which  it  is  buiU. 


THE  GRECIAN. 


In  the  modern  Greeks,  there  is  a  national 
resemblance  in  them  all,  as  to  features,  dress, 
diet  and  tempers.  Their  young  men  are 
elieminaie  and  handsome  ;  dark  eyes,  arched 
eyebrows,  complexions  brown  but  clear,  fa- 
cos  oval  and  finely  j)roportioned,  but  large 
ears  :  hair  dark  and  long.  Beards  are  worn 
only  by  the  clergy  mid  magistrates — all  wear 
niustachios  on  the  upper  lip,  necks  long,  and 
their  stature  above  the  middle  size.  The 
women  are  beautiful,  but  inferior  to  the  men 


.  > 


14 

in  face  and  ficnro.  Though  they  nre  ignn- 
ranf,  there  is  still  an  abundance  of  native 
genius  ainon<r  them.  Their  manners  are 
very  engaging  and  courteous,  and  ma?<e  no 
distinction  as  to  rank.  The  rich  are  versa- 
tile and  intriguing,  and  will  do  any  thing  for 
money.  They  are  fond  of  merriment  and 
dancing.  Their  dress  resembles  that  of  the 
Turks,  and  are  fond  of  smoking.  They  use 
no  beds,  but  lie  upon  sofas,  and  the  floor,  in 
most  of  their  dress.  The  women  cannot 
read  or  write,  but  can  embroider  and  play 
on  the  lute — their  mode  of  saluting  each 
other  is,  to  lay  hold  of  each  others  ears  and 
kissing  the  eyes  :  they  possess  amiable  char- 
acters. 

The  most  noted  mountains  in  Greece,  are 
the  Parnassus  and  7,000  feet  high  ;  the 
Olympus,  G,.522  feet ;  Mount  Athos,  5,000 
feet  ;  Pindus,  (jEta,  Helicon,  and  Taggetus. 
The  Vale  of  Tempe^  situate  between  Mount 
Olympus  and  Mount  Ossa,  is  five  miles  long 
— in  some  places  it  is  sylvan,  calm  and  har- 
monious? ^  in  others,  savage,  terrific,  abrupt, 
and  darkened  by  the  mountains. 

Capo  Ducato,  or,  hjie  Lovers  Lenp,  is  a 
precipice  114  above  the^vater,  which  is  very 
deep,  and  is  celebrated  on  account  of  the 
poetess  Sappo,  who  being  in  love  with  Pha- 
on,  sung  her  funeral  dirge,  and  then  plunged 
into  the  blue  waves  below. 

The  Grotto  of  Jlniiparos^  is  an  island  iri 
the  Archipelago,  16  miles  round  ;  and,  1,500 
feet  under  ground  is  the  famous  grotto,  360 
feet  long,  340  feet  wide,  and   180  feet  high 


■ 


15 

By  the  aid  oi'  torrli  lights,  i=^  presented  a 
linelv  var.lfc'd  arch,  hunor  with  icicles  10  I'eet 
ionn;  in  festoons  ot'  leaves,  and  flowers  so 
glittering  as  to  dazzle  tjie  sii^ht. 


THE  HIGHLANDER. 


^5i^^yi^'^-.:^^< 


^m^^^^^^^w^^:"'-^ 


.»:.-._:  r  -      ;.:    .s.-'.    . 


The  Scottish  Highlanders  are  a  branch  of 
the  ancient  Celtae,  and  their  language  is 
Oa  Uc.  They  have  always  been  a  brave, 
hardy  and  warlike  race,  and,  in  gemote  ages, 
possessed  a  degree  of  retinement  and  man- 
ners, then  unknown  to  the  surrounding  na- 
tions. They  were  divided  into  clans  ;  and 
their  chi«ttains  exercised  the  power  of  life 
and  death  over  them,  who  on  the  other  hand, 
reked  on  the  number  aud  fidelity  of  their  aer- 


16 


I 


vanta  for  that  protection  whu  h  the  law."* 
could  not  give.  They  are  remarkahly  tonrl 
of  poetry  and  music.  In  the  time  ot'  Ossinii 
the  harp  was  the  chief*  instrument  ;  but  af- 
terward yielded  to  the  hajxpipe,  which  is  us- 
ed for  marriage  and  funeral  procesisions  and 
other  great  occasicms.  Every  family  of 
note  had  a  historian  to  relate  its  heroic*  deeds, 
or  bard  who  sung  the  praises  of  the  ciiieftain 
and  his  clan.  Their  poetry  is  tender,  sim- 
ple, beautiful  and  sublime. 

Their  cottaijes  are  built  of  round  stones 
and  turf,  thatched  with  heath.  They  lie  up- 
on the  gound,  having  under  them  fern  or 
heath,  covered  with  a  sheet  or  blanket. — 
Their  dress  is  said  to  resemble  that  of  the 
ancient  Romans  :  it  consists  of  a  tartan  jack- 
et, of  red,  green,  blue,  and  black.  The 
kilt,  is  a  short  petticoat,  reaching  the  knees, 
and  hose  woven  in  diamonds  of  red  and 
white,  tied  under  the  knee  with  ornamented 
garters — a  cloak  of  tartan  wrapped  round 
them  and  fastened  with  a  belt.  When  em- 
bodied for  battle,  each  was  armed  with  a 
broadsword,  dagger,  target,  musket  and  two 
pistols  ;  in  close  engagement  they  were  ir- 
resistible. They  are  now  availing  themselves 
of  the  resources  of  their  country,  in  manufac- 
ture, agriculture  and  the  arts. 

Edinburgh,  the  capital  of  Scotland,  con- 
tains 138,000  inhabitants.  The  city  is  sur- 
rounded by  Carlton  hill,  Arthur"'s-seat  and 
Salisbury-craggs  on  the  east.  Braid  and  the 
Pentland  hills  on  the  south  ;  on  the  west,  the 
bill  of  Corstorphine.     The  city  stands  on 


!i 


V 


n 

three  eminences,  and  the  hills  by  which  it  is 
surionncled,  rising  800  feet,  ef  perpendicular 
rock,  render  its  situation  unspeakably  roman- 
tic. Edinburgh  is  divided  into  Old  and  Naw 
Town,  and  in  8  miles  in  circumrerenco. ' 


THE  ITALIAN. 


•■^-3^.iti;M>iiCI\lll;\''J 


The  Italians  are  a  singular  mixture  of  ea- 
g«3rness,  cunning,  mildness^  aiKl  violence  : 
superstitious  and  irrehgious.  Though,  in  the 
pulpit,  the  theatre,  or  in  common  conversa- 
tion, he  is  grave,  solemn,  and  makes  use  of 
a  great  deal  of  action.  They  have  not  the 
brisk  look  and  elastic  trip  of  the  French  ; 
they  move  slow,  with  a  composed  face,  rath- 
er stooping  forward.  They  feci  with  great- 
er sensibility  than   they  reason,    which  ia- 


IS 


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a. 

( 

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f 

i', 

J 

••! 


•pires  them  with  clioirlnlncsg,  and  Ihrv  ii;ive 
themselves  uj)  with  ardour  t.)  cwrv  tiiihrji 
pleasure.  The  wcinen  of  high  rank  are 
moro  distinguish(ul  hy  their  ornaments  thiin 
their  beauty.  The  head  is  covered  with  a 
profusion  of  dark  hair  encroachinoj  upon  the 
forehead,  the  nose  arpiiline  or  strait  from  the 
brow,  full  short  upper  hp  ;  eyes  lar^e,  black 
and  full  of  expression  ;  complexion,  a  clear 
brown,  sometimes  verry  friir,  hut  seldom 
florid.  No  country  exhibits  more  examples 
of  benevolence  and  cliarity  than  Italy.  'J'hey 
urc  celebrated  for  music,  sculpture,  paint- 
ing, the  arts,  and  agriculture.  ^Vhat  is  pe- 
culiar in  them  is,  they  reckon  their  day  frr>m 
sunset,  and  their  clocks  strike  all  the  hours 
Krorn  I  to  21. 

The  Po  is  the  principal  river  in  Italy,  and 
the  largest  in  Europe.  Its  length  is  over 
600  miles.  .Mount  Ehia  in  Sicily,  is  the 
largest  volcano  i:i  Europe.  The  highest 
part  of  this  wild  and  grotesque  mountnin  is 
computed  at  10,963  feet  above  the  sea  :  the 
circumference  of  its  base  is  J  80  miles. — 
From  the  base  it  rises  like  a  pyramid,  mak- 
ing an  angle  of  15  degrees  to  the  foot  of  the 
great  crater.  There  iiave  been  32  erup- 
tions :  the  one  in  16('i),  buried  a  part  of  the 
citj  of  Catania  with  its  lava,  and  destroyed 
the  houses  of  27,000  persons  ;  stones  were 
thrown,  of  immense  size  upwards  of  7,000 
feet,  and  projected  to  the  distance  of  30 
miles.  Mount  Vesuvius,  7  miles  from  Na- 
plesj  is  remarkable  for  its  eruptions.  From 
jUts  base  to  the  top  is  3,731    feet.     Cultiva* 


If) 

tion  extends  more  than  hnlf  wny  u\)  tliii 
mountain.  Th<>  crater  is  a  inilr  aiul  a  half 
in  circuit,  and  350  feet  dec}).  The  nmst 
terrible  eruption,  was  A\v^.  8,  !77!>,  at  mid- 
night, which  ovorwhehiKHl  the  cities  oi'  Iler- 
culancum  and  Pompeii,  and  caused  tlio  duath 
of  the  ehler  IMiny.  After  a  tremendous  (ex- 
plosion, a  fountain  of  liquid  fire  rose  to  the 
surprising  height  of  10,00()  feet,  wliilc  puffs 
of  the  blackest  smoke,  and  red  hot  lava,  in- 
terrupted its  splendid  brightness. 


THE  JANIZARY. 


1\\'W\W»\M»  ..,.«iia>%VvV\v*>><* 


A  Turkish  soldier,   one   of  the  Grand 
Seignor's  body-guards„ 


so 


KAMTSCIIATKAN 


The  Kamtschatdales  have  an  olive  com- 
plexion, black,  strait  and  thin  hair,  a  broad 
and  compressed  countenance,  a  thick  and 
fiat  nose,  prominent  cheekbones,  lar^e  ears, 
and  thick  lips,  with  a  very  scanty  beard. — 
They  are  distinguished  for  their  thick  and 
reduced  stature,  rarely  exceeding  four  feet 
in  height.  They  are  remarkable  for  the. 
coarseness  and  filthiness  of  their  manners 
and  mode  of  life  ;  they  live  in  dens  and 
caves,  and  hunt  the  buck  and  elk  for  a  sub- 
sistence. Russia,  in  Asia,  is  the  place  of 
their  residence.  They  travel,  in  the  winter, 
with  a  sledge  drawn  by  five  dogs,  instead  of 
horses  and  sleighs. 


fi 


«1 


TinO  LAPLANDKR. 


The  Laplanders  are  of  a  diminutive  size, 
and  have  short  black  hair,  a  wide  mouth, 
hollow  cheeks,  and  a  chin  long  and  pointed. 
Their  complexion  is  swarth)^.  They  pos- 
sess great  strength  of  body,  and  are  capa- 
ble of  undergoing  great  degrees  of  labour, 
and  ore  remarkable  for  swiftness  of  loot. 

Their  dress  consists  of  a  grayish  colored 
cap  in  the  form  of  a  sugar  loat',  bordered 
round  with  fur  ;  a  sheepskin  coat,  with  the 
wool  next  the  skin,  and  reaching  below  the 
knee,  tied  round  with  a  irirdle.  They  use 
no  stockings,  but  wear  pantaloons  of  cloth 
or  leather,  or  the  skin  of  the  reindeer's  legs 
fitted  close  to  the  limbs,  and  deerskin  shoes. 
The  women  dress  sinnlar  to  the  men.  An- 
iinal  food  is  their  chief  diet. 


11/ 


M. 


_  II    ■  I  ^11  —  Ih 


The  rein-deer  is  the  most  valuable  gift 
that  providence  has  bestowed  on  the  poor 
Laplander.  ^  It  serves  as  a  beast  of  burden; 
its  milk  is  highly  valued,  and  its  flesh  and 
skin  supplies  the  chief  nourishment  and  dress 
of  the  inhabitants. 


MUSCOVITE. 


A  NATIVE  OF  RUSSIA. 


in 


The  Russians  are  among  the  most  illiter- 
ate and  least  civilized  nations  of  Europe. — 
They  are  of  a  middle  stature,  and  have  in 
general  small  mouths,  thin  lips,  and  white 
teeth.  They  are  hardy,  vigorous,  and  pa- 
tient of  labour.  Gambling  and  excessive 
drinking  are  very  prevalent.  The  nobility 
receive  the  title  of  prince,  count  and  baron  ; 


5l» 

and  none  but  nobles  can  be  owners  of  land, 
Their  dress  consists  of  a  pelisse,  or  large 
fur  cloak,  fur  boots  or  shoes,  a  black  velvet 
or  fur  bonnet,  which  is  made  large  enough  to 
cover  the  ears.  All  classes  let  their  beards 
grow.  The  Russian  females  seem  to  have 
no  idea  of  taste  in  dress  ;  what  they  aim  at 
is  brilliancy  of  display.  Their  dresses  arc 
decorated  with  diamonds  and  precious  stones 
the  richness  and  splendour  of  which  surpas- 
ses all  description. 

Women  perform  the  field  work,  such  as 
cutting  down  and  threshing  the  grain,  while 
the  men  are  employed  in  building,  making 
brick  or  in  the  army.  Their  villages  resem- 
ble each  other  ;  the  houses  are  built  of  wood 
by  laying  beams  one  across  the  other,  and 
the  spaces  arc  closed  with  flax  and  moss. 

St.  Petersburgh,  tho  capital  of  the  Rus- 
i;ian  empire,  is  situated  at  the  east  extremi- 
ty of  Finland,  and  contains  285,000  inhab- 
itants. It  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great, 
from  whom  it  takes  its  name.  The  streets 
j're  paved,  and  some  of  them  over  two  miles 
in  length,  and  perfectly  straight.  The  hous- 
ef4  are  generally  of  brick  and  stuccoed  so  as 
to  have  the  appearance  of  stone. 


Hi 

NORWEGIAN 


^1 


II 


aW; 


i.-.-:?**U-.-*.ua.-.:. 


The  people  of  Norway  arc  usually  tall  and 
robust,  though  rather  slender  ;  their  counte- 
nances flat  ;  their  complexion  lair,  though 
less  so  than  the  Danes  ;  their  eyes  lull  ol" 
spirit  ;  and  their  whole  physiognomy  expres- 
sive of  energy.  They  possess  hospitality 
and  simplicity,  and  the  other  virtues  of  the 
primitive  state  of  society.  They  live  in  a 
very  plain  style,  both  as  to  diet  and  dwelling. 
There  are  but  few  splendid  buildings  in  the 
towns  ;  the  greater  part  of  the  hoLses  are 
built  of  wood.  Their  bread  is  made  of  rye 
and  oats,  and  baked  so  hard  that  it  may  be 
kept  for  several  years.  A  kind  of  pottage 
of  barley  or  oatmeal,  mixed  with  dried  lish, 


I- 

I'll 


25 

and  sour  milk,  forms  the  ordinary  food  of 
the  peasantry.  They  are,  notwithstanding, 
better  clothed  and  fed  than  most  of  the  com- 
mon people  of  Europe.  The  peasants  are 
aii  free  born,  and  what  is  remarkable,  have 
no  family  names.  They  speak  and  act  in 
the  full  spirit  of  freemen,  open,  and  undaun- 
ted, yet  never  insolent.  The  Danish  is  the 
native  language  of  Norway. 

OTAHEITEAN. 


Tlie  Otaheiteans  are  inhabitants  of  the 
Polynesian  or  South  Sea  Islands,  in  Asia. — 
It  was  here,  m  the  island  of  Owhyee,  that 
the  celebrated  Capt.  Cook  loet  his  life,  in  a 
quarrel  with  the  natives.  The  people  are 
Ull,  strong,  and  finely  shaped  •,  hair  aiid  e"e» 

3 


^1 


11 


,)tack,  mouth  large,  and  nose  flat.  Tlio  wo- 
men have  a  (](3licately  smuoilisolf  skin,  and 
bcautitlil  white  teetii.  The  men  ar(^  indus- 
trious and  frit^ndly,  violent  in  [lassions,  and 
a  great  propens^ity  to  theft.  Both  men  and 
women  are  clothed  with  a  kind  of  hark  cloth, 
resembling  China  paper  ;  one  piece  is  wrap- 
ped round  the  body,  the  other  piece  has  a 
hole  in  the  middhj  to  admit  the  head,  hang- 
ing down  loose  before  and  behind,  to  the 
knees.  Their  huts  are  built  amoug  the  bread 
fruit  aijd  cocoa-nut  trees. 


THE  PERSIAN. 


P 


The  Persians  of  both  sexes  are  of  swarthy 
complexion,  generally  handsome,  and  oiWig- 
niiied  aspect.     The  dress  of  the    common 


i 


27 

pooplo  consists  of  two  ur  three  light  gar- 
ments, which  reach  to  knees  ;  large  draw- 
ers, a  heavy  cap,  laced  with  lamb-skin. — 
The  women  dress  similar  to  the  men,  but 
more  expensive,  owing  to  the  ornaments 
which  the  richer  sort  make  use  of.  The 
Persians  are  Mahometans  of  the  sect  of  Sun- 
nites,  and  are  extremely  superstitious. 

The  Persians  are  the  most  gay,  lively, and 
Dolite  nation  in  the   east. 


aUEBEC  INDIAN. 


y 

r- 

! 
11 


The  indians  are  tall  and  strait  in  their 
limbs,  and  capable  of  enduring  much  hard- 
ship. They  have  regular  features,  but  a 
fierce  countenance.  Their  hair  is  long  and 
black,  eyes  large  and  black,  their  skin  of  a 


reddish  brown.  Hunting  and  fishing  supply 
their  chief  articles  of  food,  as  well  as  arti- 
cles of  dress. 


THE  ROMAN. 


$ 


'jyfiS^ 


A  virtuous  but  ri^id  severity  of  manners 
was  the  characteristic  of  the  Romans  under 
their  kings.  The  private  life  of  the  citizens 
frugal,  temperate  and  laborious.  The  Ro- 
rian  matrons  regarded  the  careful  nurture  of 
their  offspring,  and  the  rudiments  of  their 
education,  as  the  highest  points  of  female 
merit.  Among  the  sports  of  the  children  at 
Rome,  one  was  pleading  causes  before  a 
mock  tribunal,  and  accusing  and  defending 
a  criminal  in  the  usual  forms  of  judicial  pro- 


•I 

9 


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ccdurc.  Rome  stands  unrivalled  iu  rcirard 
to  its  fame  J  the  extent  and  duration  ot*  its 
power,  the  singularity  of  its  historical  events 
and  the  magniiicencc  oi*  its  cdiliccs  and  an- 
tiquities. Rome  was  once  tlie  proud  mistress 
of  the  world,  but  the  vices  and  crimes  of  her 
great  and  wicked  men  have,  long  since, 
brought  her  down  even  to  the  earth. 


THE  SPANIARD. 


rs 

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of  living  is  favorable  to  health  ;  fruits  and 
vegctableg  form  the  principal  food  even  of 
the  best  tablobS.  Their  habits  are  temperate 
and  frugal.  In  their  dress,  both  men  and 
women  are  very  extravagant,  especially  the 
latter,  who  seldom  appear  twice  in  the  same 
shoes  and  silk  stockings.  They  dress  simi- 
lar to  the  French  and  English.  Smoking  is 
their  principal  excess.  They  disdain  agri- 
culture and  commerce.  Bull  fights  are  the 
favourite  amusements  of  all  classes.  Mad- 
rid is  the  capital  of  Spain,  and  contains  200,- 
000  inhabitants. 


THE   TURK. 


The  Turks,  in  general,  are  prepossessing 
■well  formed,  fair  complexions,  dark  eyes, 


I 


4 


'■--iasi^- 


Y-^ 


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31 

nn  aqnilme  nosp,  end  dark  auburn  hair. — 
Their  gate  is  slow  and  stately,  clear  and 
delibet-ate  in  speech,  with  somewhat  of  a 
solemn  air.  Their  character  is  a  curious 
mixture  of  goed  and  bad.  Temperate  in 
eating  and  drinking  ;  have  few  wants  and 
are  liable  to  few  diseases  ;  hospitiable  and 
courageous.  When  provoked,  they  are  fu- 
rious and  ungovernable  ;  vindictive,  jealous, 
haughty,  intolerant  and  full  of  dissimulation 

UZBECK  TARTAR. 


The  Uzbecks  are  short  and  stout ;  have  a 
clear  and  ruddy  complexion,  black  hair,  thin 
beard,  broad  forehead,  high  cheek  bones  and 
small  eyes.  They  lead  a  pastoral  life  ;  are 
addicted  to  war,  and  pride  themselves  on  be- 
ing the   braves  of  the  Tartar   race.     Th» 


i 


:ii 


XERXES. 


X 


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i    V 


Xerxes,  king  of  Persia,  invaded  Greece 
with  a  numerous  army,  and  when  reviewing 
the  milHons  which  composed  it,  wept  on  re- 
flecting that  in  one  hundred  years  not  ono 
of  them  would  be  ahve. 


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ZELA^DER.       An    inhabitant    of   the 
South  Sea,  who  lives  by  fishing  and  hunting 


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